5G wireless systems introduce RF engineering challenges that differ significantly from previous generations. Higher frequencies, wider bandwidths, massive MIMO, and beamforming all require updated design approaches.
Millimeter Wave Propagation
5G's use of mmWave frequencies (above 24 GHz) brings dramatically different propagation characteristics. Higher path loss, sensitivity to blockage, and atmospheric absorption require dense network deployments and careful link engineering.
Massive MIMO and Beamforming
Massive MIMO antenna systems with dozens or hundreds of elements enable spatial multiplexing and beamforming gains. However, they also introduce complexity in calibration, beam management, and interference coordination.
Coexistence
5G systems must coexist with incumbent services, including satellite systems, radar, and other wireless technologies. Careful frequency planning and interference management are essential for successful coexistence.
Testing Complexity
Over-the-air testing of beamformed 5G systems requires new measurement methodologies and equipment. Traditional conducted testing approaches are insufficient for characterizing systems that form and steer beams dynamically.